Category Archives: Cognates

Sincerémonos

If you ever want to pay me a big compliment, you should tell me that I’m sincere. (If you sincerely believe that, of course.) Sincerity is one of my all-time favorite qualities, and you’ll win a million points in my book if you show me that you value it as well. Too bad it gets such faint praise in our culture.

Not in Spanish, though. In Spanish, you’ll hear the words sincero/a and sinceridad significantly more than you ever hear them in English. I think this is because in addition to sincere, sincero encompasses other adjectives in English that we think are different and important enough to deserve their own word: upfront, genuine, plainspoken, candid, honest, etc. And maybe, just maybe, Hispanics really do value sincerity more. Americans, not so much.

I learned a few weeks back that you can say to be sincere as a verb in Spanish by saying sincerarse, and this came as a most welcome piece of news. Here was the sentence, courtesy of the Bogotá newspaper El Tiempo.

Sincerémonos, mientras haya quienes paguen, el que se cuele en TransMilenio es un ladrón.

Let’s be perfectly honest: so long as there are people who pay, anyone who sneaks onto the TransMilenio without paying is a thief.

I was so happy to learn this word. Sometimes I wonder which is better to focus on: who I am, or what I do? Which is more important? Which is more honest and essential? I always used to put so much emphasis on who a person was, but now I’m leaning more and more toward favoring what one does and seeing that as an irrefutable reflection of the kind of person they are. How wonderful to know that in Spanish I can make my sincerity into an action. Soy sincera, me sincero, en fin. At least, I long to be this way. I’m sincere . . . except for when I’m not. Except for when I’m a chicken, basically. Surely there’s so much more to potentially gain from just coming out and saying it, right?

Sinceridad

In high school, my locker was next to the locker of a guy named Sincer. He was Indian-American, and he told me that his parents had picked out the name Sincere for a daughter. When he came instead, they just lopped off the last letter. He was a great guy, always with a big smile. I also remember that he was the first person to tell me about the World Trade Center attack on September 11 at our lockers in between classes. How sincere was Sincer, really? How sincere are any of us?

I’m reminded of the last two stanzas of one of my favorite poems, William Stafford’s A Ritual to Read to Each Other:

And so I appeal to a voice, to something shadowy,
a remote important region in all who talk:
though we could fool each other, we should consider–
lest the parade of our mutual life get lost in the dark.

For it is important that awake people be awake,
or a breaking line may discourage them back to sleep;
the signals we give–yes or no, or maybe–
should be clear: the darkness around us is deep.

Even when I first read this poem as a featherbrained high schooler, somehow I registered just how important sincerity really was and what the stakes were. Especially when I now consider how much of my communication is in Spanish, a language I’ll never fully master and whose intricacies and secret nuances will always be just beyond my grasp. As I can never share a mother tongue with native Spanish speakers, it would seem that sincerity and plainspokenness are particularly important. So often, though, I insinuate, I tantalize, I encrypt. Since I still make mistakes and am not aware of all the implications and connotations of what I say, naturally everything that sounds suggestive can be conveniently chalked up to oh, maybe she didn’t realize how that sounded. I almost always do, though. I’m extremely deliberate, and sometimes I do just play dumb when it suits me. So, that’s my confession of the night; my resolution is to be more sincera and sincerarme on a much more regular basis. Who’s with me?

En serio, soy muy sincero y me tienes sorprendido con tu buen español.

Believe me, I’m very honest and I’m amazed by how good your Spanish is.

Es bueno hablar de las cosas sin pelos en la lengua, y decir simplemente lo que se piensa; porque si hay sinceridad, creo que todo se desarrolla mejor y de una manera más natural.

It’s good to be straight up and simply say what you think because I think that everything develops better and more naturally when there’s sincerity.

Yo, en compañía de todo mi equipo, te envío un abrazo
sincero colmado de agradecimientos y gratitudes; además extensivo a tus familiares, colaboradores y amigos.

I, along with my entire team, send you a heartfelt hug filled with thanks and appreciation that I also wish to extend to your family, partners, and friends.

Entre todos los títulos traducidos al inglés, te soy absolutamente sincero, no hemos vendido más de 100 unidades.

For all the books translated to English–I’m being completely honest with you here–we haven’t sold more than 100 units.

I think that whatever the dilemma, the answer is the same: Sincerémonos.

Sincerely,
V.

Ñapa

In addition to getting a lot of practice speaking Spanish during my two years in Colombia, I also got to do my fair share of eating. And while I’m incapable of mustering up much excitement for Colombian food in general, there are two categories of Colombian victuals that are decidedly good: fruits/juices and bread. The tropical fruits are abundant and simply spectacular; as for the bread, there’s a bakery on every corner overflowing with it. When I lived in Bogotá, I’d frequently be too lazy to cook and would scarf down big bags of fresh, hot bread all the time. Panes hojaldrados were my favorite. I admit that I’m a little ashamed to out myself as such a (former) bread glutton, but at least I got a useful word from my Pantagruelic ways: ñapa.

The ñapa is the little extra added to something, and its most common usage is the extra roll that a baker tucks into your bag. You know, a baker’s dozen. I learned this my first weekend in Colombia when I went with a group of people to Medellín. I took a bus with my friend Flavio, we stopped at a bakery beforehand to load up on bread, and he flashed a winning smile to charm the women at the bakery into throwing a little extra bread into the bag for us. He’d been sweet-talking them the entire time. He later explained the custom of the ñapa to me. It’s also sometimes called the vendaje or encime in Colombia. Although it was once very common for people to say Vecina, ¿me da ñapa? to the baker, the custom is slowly dying out as modernization kills those little intimacies between neighbors and economic stress puts a damper on generosity. A real shame, the decline of the ñapa. So, enjoy your ñapa while you still can! I should say here, though, that you probably shouldn’t ask for a ñapa unless you’re a regular patron and know the baker well. Otherwise, it could be taken as a little conchudo on your part–one must also know that they are never entitled to a ñapa. Thus, anytime you’re the recipient of one, consider yourself lucky.

La ñapa

Ñapa comes from yapa, the Quechua word for gift, which derives from yapay, or to give more. You didn’t know you were going to learn Quechua when you stopped by my blog today, did you? As you’d figure, ñapa is used in many parts of South America, and it’s also used in the Caribbean. It’s even used in English! How so? Ever heard of the word lagniappe? (You’re forgiven if you haven’t.) Well, it certainly exists, and I’ve certainly seen it . . . a time or two in my life. Apparently, it came into the rich Creole dialect mixture of New Orleans and there acquired a French spelling. It’s still used in the Gulf states, especially southern Louisiana, to denote a little bonus that a friendly shopkeeper might add to a purchase. By extension, it may mean an extra or unexpected gift or benefit. Lagniappe comes from la ñapa. Nifty, eh? I bet you didn’t even know that you knew a Quechua word. Not that it would be the only one in your vocabulary; let’s not forget lima (bean), jerky, condor, llama, and puma, among others.

One phrase I like is de ñapa. It means that something is said or done as a little unsolicited favor. It’s like, Oh, and one more thing. Oh, and since I’m on a roll. Oh, and since I’m so nice, here’s a little extra.

Nos vimos, hablamos, todo bien, no pasó nada, nos despedimos y de repente me dio un beso de ñapa.

We met up, talked, everything was good, nothing happened, we said goodbye, and then he decided to throw in a little kiss.

Has hecho muy bien con tus diez frases de inglés. Ahora te regalo otra, pues esta va de ñapa.

Good job with your ten English phrases. I’ll teach you one more just because I feel like being nice.

It can also be used negatively to mean “on top of all that” like y encima.

Los muchachos atropellaron a una anciana y de ñapa tuvieron la desfachatez de robarle 500 pesos.

The teenagers ran over the old lady and to top it off had the nerve to steal 500 pesos from her.

La ñapa

Although it had been a while since I’d heard or said ñapa, I was reminded of it last week while talking to a Puerto Rican patient. Well advanced in years, she told me that she felt that the portion of life left to her was a ñapa granted from above. O sea, she had lived a good, long life, more than enough to be grateful for, and she viewed any and all additional years added to that amount as an extravagant gift. I liked her way of looking at life. Myself, I hope I have many more loaves of bread to look forward to.

Did you know about la ñapa or its English equivalent, lagniappe? What is this called in your country? Would you be brave enough to ask the baker for una ñapa? Ñapa or no ñapa, bon appetit!

¿Dónde carajos estás?

Here are four, ahem, slightly more delicate ways to find out where someone or something is. Of course, sometimes it’s best to not mince words. Sometimes people drop off the map, and strong language might be your ally if you really want to know where they’ve been hiding. Although we, I mean they, may still refuse to tell you.

¿Dónde andas? 

This is a very common way of asking someone where they are, especially over the phone. I’ve unintentionally eavesdropped on countless phone conversations on buses and the metro in Colombia, so believe me. I know what I’m talking about. Of course, it literally means “Where are you walking?”, but as a phrase it’s the same as ¿Dónde estás? To me, it sounds more poetic. And more colloquial, probably.

¡Quiubo! ¿Dónde andas? Yo aquí en el bus, pero ya casi llego.

Hey! Where are you? I’m on the bus, but I’ll be there soon.

¿Por dónde andas? ¿Me haces un fa? Necesito que vayas a donde Jairo y le pidas los libros.

Where are you at? Can you do me a favor? I need you to go see Jairo and ask him for the books.

Quedar

Quedar can mean estar, but daaaamn if I was ever taught this in, what, eight years of Spanish classes before I moved to Colombia–? Not once! And yet it’s so common and useful it’s almost painful to imagine not knowing it. Quedar is frequently used to indicate where something is–when it is something that does not change. So, the post office, your friend’s house, a city, Hogwarts, check. But you wouldn’t use quedar for something like your keys, the dog, or a person. Use quedar to tell the address of a place or its relation to nearby locations.

¿Dónde queda la pastelería que acaba de abrir? Se me antoja un milhojas. Queda en la carrera 54, al lado de la guardería y enfrente del paradero.

Where’s that cake shop that just opened? I’m in the mood for a milhojas. It’s on 54th street, next to the daycare and across from the bus stop.

Perdón, ¿usted sabe dónde queda el Consumo? Sí. Queda a cinco cuadras de aquí. Sube dos cuadras, cruza por el puente peatonal, voltea a mano izquierda y de ahí hay que subir dos cuadras más. Vas a ver un colegio militar y una floristería. Ahí queda.

Excuse me, do you know where Consumo is? Yes. It’s five blocks from here. Go up two blocks, cross the bridge, turn left and then you’ll have to go up two more blocks. You’ll see a military school and a florist’s shop. It’ll be right there.

Ubicado/a, ubicarse, ubicación

If there’s another location word as useful as ubicar, I’d like to meet it and shake its hand. This word really takes the cake, though, for usefulness. Ubicado/a means located, ubicarse means to be located, and ubicación means location. Yes, it’s an ugly word, but beauty is fleeting anyway. It even has an English cognate, believe it or not. Ubication. Check it out.

Ubication
1. Obsolete, location or situation.
2. the state or quality of being located or situated; ubeity or whereness.

Ubeity? Whereness? I love it. Anyway, in Spanish these are definitely everyday words. Use them. Please do not say locación for location. Please. Actually, hmm. The more I think about it, the more I realize just how useful ubicar is. I’ll have to dedicate it its own blog post. Know that it does have more meanings and nuances, but for now I’m just focusing on the location of things.

Nos vemos en la iglesia. ¿Sí sabes dónde está ubicada?

See you at church. You know where it is, right?

Me fijé que alguien de Nueva Caledonia visitó mi blog, pero no tengo ni idea dónde se ubica ese país.

I noticed that someone from New Caledonia visited my blog, but I have no idea where that country is located.

Debido a la ubicación del tumor, ya no será posible que le hagamos la cirugía.

Due to the tumor’s location, it will no longer be possible for us to perform the surgery on you.

Paradero

You’ll see this word a lot in the newspaper, especially related to kidnappings and disappearances. It means whereabouts, and it’s usually used when the whereabouts are unknown.

Por eso hay una recompensa de $150 millones para los que nos den información del paradero de alias ‘Escalante’.

That’s why there’s a reward of 150 million pesos for those who can give us information on the whereabouts of alias Escalante.

Pero se desconoce el paradero de su cuerpo, ya que hombres armados lo sustrajeron de la funeraria la noche del 8 de octubre.

But the location of her body is unknown, seeing as armed men removed it from the funeral home the night of October 8.


Can you think of anything else? There are, of course, oodles of words we could cover, but these were the first ones to come to mind. I think it’s a good roundup.

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And where are you? Y tú, ¿dónde andas? Vos, ¿dónde andás? Did you know these words and phrases? What else do you consider useful for talking about locations? If you’re a native Spanish speaker, anything to correct, clarify, comment on or concur with? 

Slippery Spanish: Fashion, history and language

Nerd alert: I love to read the dictionary. I don’t mean English-Spanish dictionaries (although those are cool too); I mean single language dictionaries. Not translations; meanings. Etymologies, literary references, pictures. There’s just one little setback, though: I don’t currently own a dictionary, alas. Solution? Go visit my best friend, Anna Laura, and her husband, Marshall. In lieu of a baby, they have this dictionary that weighs somewhere around ten pounds, and it’s chock-full of word goodness. I went and visited them a few weekends ago and had a ball scanning that thing for interesting and bizarre words. Here’s one that caught my roving eye, jumping out at me because I immediately associated it with its Spanish counterpart, and then the ensuing rabbithole it led me down. Would you have made the connection? That is to say, are you as adroit a nerd as I? A ver.

Pabouch 1687. [See BABOUCHE, PAPOOSH.] A heelless oriental slipper.

Babouches in Marrakesh

Babouche 1695. [ a.F., ad. (uH.) Pers., pa foot + posh covering.] A Turkish or oriental slipper.

Shoe store in Copenhagen, Denmark

Papoosh, papouch 1682. [ a. Pers. paposh slipper, shoe, f. pa foot + posh covering.] A Turkish or Oriental slipper.

I immediately thought: babuchas! What are babuchas? Why, they’re one way to say slippers in Spanish. I’ll come back to this in a minute.

Then I got curious about trying to find some sort of equivalent for pantuflas, which is the more common and standard word for slipper in Spanish. Expecting to be disappointed, I made my way in that direction to find:

Pantofle 1494. [ a.F. pan-toufle. Origin unkn.] A slipper; formerly applied esp. to the high-heeled cork-soled chopines; also to out-door overshoes or goloshes, sandals and the like.

Modern reproduction of overshoe-style pantoufles

That dictionary was revised in the 50s. It looks like modern lexicographers have been able to take a stab at its origin, though: [from French pantoufle, from Old Italian pantofola, perhaps from Medieval Greek pantophellos shoe made of cork, from panto- + phellos cork].

A little Internet sleuth work has confirmed that pantofles came in two styles–a medieval protective, outdoor overshoe or a slipper for indoors which could be high-heeled or Oriental style. They were very delicate and could be highly ornate.

Slipper-style pantoufles

Naturally, I then became curious about chopines.

Chopine, chopin A kind of shoe raised above the ground by means of a cork sole or the likeNearer Heauen . . . by the altitude of a Choppine. Hamlet II. ii. 445

An Italian chopine

They apparently let women protect their dresses from mud and muck as well as denoted social status. The taller the better, desde luego. They’ve been described as what was possibly the first clothing fad, becoming all the rage in Italy and then spreading to Spain, France, and Switzerland. The dainty stride (read: hobble) they subjected women to apparently became quite attractive to men, assuring them that their wives wouldn’t go a-wanderin’ on them. Italian clergymen were also keen on women tottering on the shoes, giving them the thumbs up because they kept the wearer from indulging in lascivious activities such as dancing. There is also speculation that they were a favorite of prostitutes in order to make them more visible to potential clients.

A Spanish chopine

That didn’t ring any bells, but Wikipedia tells me here and here that chopines in Spanish are chapines. Perhaps I shall one day find myself on a date with someone doing a dissertation on 16th century feminine footwear in Spain, in which case being able to whip out the word chapines just might come in handy, er, footy. Otherwise, I think I can safely relegate that to the useless knowledge section of my brain. Unless, of course, I’m talking about Guatemalans. They’re also known as chapines. Well, maybe I’ll be on a date with one of them someday and can ask for the backstory.

So, why all the fuss about some old shoes? Am I just your typical woman with a clichéd and boring shoe infatuation? Not hardly. However, this little trip through the shoes of yesteryear all too predictably led me back to Spanish, as so many of my mental meanderings are wont to do. The big takeaway was learning a little of the history and etymology behind two words I was already familiar with: pantuflas and babuchas.

Pantuflas are slippers. For some reason, there’s something about the sound of that word to me that makes it sound especially fitting for big, floppy, fuzzy bunny slippers (it must be the “tufl” sound), but the word covers all varieties.

Pantuflas par excellence

I have no idea why, but for some reason the DRAE directs you to pantuflo when you try to look up pantufla. One of us must be out to sea, and I don’t think it’s me. Slippers are so clearly and divinely feminine; just look at them! You can safely use the word pantuflas in all Spanish-speaking countries and rest assured that your meaning is caught. Pantuflos? I’d be prepared for some head-scratching.

PANtuflas

So there I was teaching my eighth graders in Bogotá a few years ago, and I said the word pantuflas. I know, I know; I wasn’t supposed to use Spanish with them. Every once in a blue moon, though, a Spanish word me salía, what can I say? One of our vocab words at the time was “shuffle,” and I was explaining how it’s typical to shuffle when wearing slippers. And then pantuflas simply slipped out of my mouth and into their delighted ears. They always got a kick out of me speaking Spanish. One girl yelled back, “Oh, you mean babuchas!” Babuchas? The girls all nodded sweetly, unaware of the meltdown taking place in my brain at that moment. So, yeah. There you have it. At least in Colombia, you can also call slippers babuchasalthough it seems that pantuflas is much more common. (Maybe babuchas is more rural/old-fashioned?) I’ve pressed a few friends up against a wall and tried to demand that they explain the difference to me, and they simply couldn’t. Or wouldn’t. I suppose no culture wants to give away all of its secrets after all.

I know that they mainly say zapatillas in Spain for slippers.

A word to the wise: do not walk around barefoot indoors in Colombia unless you want people to think you’re crazy as a loon and you take pleasure in causing high blood pressure in those around you. In my experience, people generally take their shoes off inside and then immediately slip into a pair of pantuflas/babuchas or house sandals- chanclas, chancletas or arrastraderas (I learned that last one from Blasina, my dear ex-suegra, when she once lent me a pair). Big emphasis on immediately. This is not one of those ahora/ahorita kinds of things you get around to three hours later. Seeing you flaunt your naked, unprotected feet in front of their very friolento sensibilities will not only cause them shock, it will produce extreme discomfort and anguish on their part. You see, for Colombians, bare feet = impending death. I wish I were making this up. You going around with your feet au naturel will keep them up at night. They will go to additional mass services just to pray for your health and to beg God to be merciful when the terminal disease is dealt. They will suffer. Don’t be cruel and insensitive; wrap those feet up.

There are a few more tricks I could teach you about shoes in Colombia, but I think this is plenty for now. Many thanks to Francis Classe for the permission to use images from his website! An amazing shoemaker/cobbler/cordwainer, he even teaches you how to make your very own pantoufles and chopines. Check him out.

What about you? Did you know about pantuflas and babuchas? What other words for shoes in Spanish do you know? Do you find dictionaries as fun as I do? If you’re a native Spanish speaker, anything to correct, clarify, comment on or concur with? What word do you say for slippers?

Kids, take your vocab

Because you just never know when that obscure, pedantic, fancy-pants word you learned in eighth grade English class ostensibly to boost your SAT score will come in handy in real life. If it seems essentially useless in English, try Spanish and see if you can’t get more mileage out of it. You’ll likely find that big words get much more facetime with our neighbors to the south (and Spain! I’m sweet on Latin America, sure, but I’d never want to give the impression of being anti-Spain). Good news! Those words no longer have to simply collect dust in the recesses of your brain! You can put them to work, starting right now. Make them earn their keep.

On the flip side, a great way to learn more Spanish is to learn more English. Whaddaya mean, I’m a native speaker! Yeah, yeah, I know. Still. You can always further enrich your vocabulary. It’s amazing how I discover more and more Spanish-English cognates as I learn more English, thereby making Spanish easier and more familiar. When was the last time you used a word in English for the first time?

Anyway, here I leave you with my new (old) word. Last saw “celerity” circa middle school, but it was right there on instant recall when I saw it in its Spanish getup, meaning that I didn’t have to waste any time getting confused, thinking that these works were advancing with celery’s dad or any such inanities. See, no bit of knowledge is ever wasted. Everything shows up again, although often in a very different form. For many reasons, I’m very grateful for the endless lists of English vocabulary we had to learn in middle school and high school. I had no idea at the time that I’d one day be so nuts about Spanish, nor did I realize that I was unknowingly already expanding my Spanish vocabulary word by seemingly pointless word, a vocabulary that would lie dormant for a few years. The point ended up being that I could skim the headlines of this Colombian newspaper today, and I could do it with–what else?–great celerity.

Oh, and the Metrocable is pretty cool, by the way. The picture of me on the About page was taken inside it. Full disclosure: I might be receiving a lot of money for this post. It’s all a PR set-up to enhance Medellín’s international image. That doesn’t discredit the language insights in any way, though, does it?

What about you? When you learn new words in English, do you ever then realize that a certain Spanish word is a cognate and that you just weren’t aware of it before? Have you ever found vocabulary that you learned back in your schooldays to be useful in helping you learn and recognize Spanish words, even if you don’t necessarily ever use those words in English?